Unveiling the immunomodulatory dance: endothelial cells’ function and their role in non-small cell lung cancer

Table 2 Novel tumor vessel targets across different phases of investigation

Target/Pathway	Mechanism of action	Testing stage	Outcome	References
VEGF + PD-1 inhibition	bispecific antibody AK112 (ivonescimab) with dual inhibition of angiogenesis and ICs	clinical	anti-tumor effect in patients with and without driver mutations	[173, 175,176,177]
Endostatin + ICI	inhibition of angiogenesis and ICI	pre-clinical and clinical	reduced tumor growth in NSCLC	[180, 181]
DNMT1 inhibition + ICI	inhibition of angiogenesis and increased immune cell homing	pre-clinical and early clinical	improved immune cell migration and reduced angiogenesis	[186]
QKI inhibition	inhibition of metastasis and vessel function	pre-clinical	improved outcomes with reduction in metastases	[166]
STING activation	tumor vessel disruption and enhanced drug delivery precision via nanoparticle ZnCDA	pre-clinical	disrupted tumor vessels and improved drug targeting	[179]
Anti-angiogenesis miRNA transfection	transcriptome modulation to inhibit angiogenesis	pre-clinical	—	[83, 182,183,184,185]
Aerobic glycolysis inhibition	inhibition of aerobic glycolysis in TECs	pre-clinical	reduced immunosuppression	[190]
CDH2 inhibition	inhibition of angiogenesis while improving immune cell homing and EC adhesion	pre-clinical	—	[167]

ISSN: 1476-4598